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Why does Jupiter seem like it has a surface – regardless that it doesn't? – Sejal, 7 years old, Bangalore, India

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The planet Jupiter has no solid ground – no surface just like the grass or soil you walk on here on Earth. There is nothing to walk on and no place to land a spaceship.

But how can that be? If Jupiter doesn't have a surface, what does it have? How can it hold together?

Also as a professor of physics Anyone who studies all kinds of unusual phenomena knows that the concept of a world with no surface is difficult to fathom. Still, much about Jupiter stays a mystery, including in terms of NASA's robotic probe Juno begins its ninth yr orbiting this strange planet.

First, some facts

Jupiter, the fifth planet from the Sun, lies between Mars and Saturn. It is the most important planet within the solar system, large enough for greater than 1,000 soils slot in and there remains to be space left.

While the solar system's 4 inner planets – Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars – are all made from solid, rocky material, Jupiter is known as is a gas giant with a sun-like composition; It is a raging, stormy, wildly turbulent ball of gas. Some places on Jupiter have wind speeds of greater than 400 miles per hour (about 640 kilometers per hour), about thrice faster than a Category 5 hurricane on Earth.

Looking for solid ground

Start at the highest of Earth's atmosphere, descend about 60 miles (about 100 kilometers) and the air pressure increases constantly. Ultimately you’ll hit the earth's surface, either on land or in water.

Compare that to Jupiter: start at the highest of its predominantly hydrogen and helium atmosphere, and like Earth, the pressure increases the deeper you go. But on Jupiter, The pressure is immense.

As the layers of gas above you push further and further down, it's as should you're at the underside of the ocean – but as a substitute of water, you're surrounded by gas. The pressure becomes so intense that the human body would implode; you can be crushed.

At a depth of 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers), the recent, dense gas begins to behave strangely. Eventually, the gas turns right into a type of liquid hydrogen, creating the most important ocean within the solar system, albeit an ocean without water.

Go down one other 20,000 miles (about 32,000 kilometers) and the hydrogen becomes more like flowing liquid metal, a cloth so exotic that scientists have only recently, and with great difficulty, managed to accomplish that I reproduced it within the lab. The atoms on this liquid metallic hydrogen are squeezed so tightly together that their electrons can move freely.

Remember that these level transitions occur steadily, not abruptly. The transition from normal hydrogen gas to liquid hydrogen after which to metallic hydrogen occurs slowly and easily. At no point is there a pointy boundary, solid material or surface.

Scary to the core

Eventually you’d reach the core of Jupiter. This is the central area of ​​Jupiter's interior and mustn’t be confused with a surface.

Scientists are still discussing this exact nature of the core material. The hottest model: It will not be solid like rock, but more like a hot, dense and possibly metallic mixture of liquid and solid.

The pressure in Jupiter's core is so immense that it will be so 100 million Earth atmospheres are pressing on you – or two Empire State Buildings on every square inch of your body.

But pressure wouldn't be your only problem. A spacecraft attempting to succeed in Jupiter's core would melt from the acute heat of 35,000 degrees Fahrenheit (20,000 degrees Celsius). That's thrice hotter than the surface of the sun.

Jupiter helps the earth

Jupiter is a wierd and threatening place. But if Jupiter didn't exist, there won’t be humans.

That's because Jupiter acts as a protective shield for the solar system's inner planets, including Earth. With its massive gravitational pull, Jupiter modified that Orbit of asteroids and comets for billions of years.

Without Jupiter's intervention, a few of this space debris could have crashed to Earth; Had it been a catastrophic collision, it could have triggered an extinction-level event. Just have a look at what happened to the dinosaurs.

Jupiter can have supported our existence, however the planet itself is very inhospitable to life – no less than life as we understand it.

The same will not be the case with a moon of Jupiter, Europa, perhaps our greatest probability of finding it Life elsewhere within the solar system.

NASA's Europa Clipper, a robotic probe Starting in October 2024is predicted to conduct about 50 flybys over this moon Study its vast underground ocean.

Could something live within the waters of Europe? Scientists won't know for some time. Due to Jupiter's distance from Earth, the probe is not going to arrive until April 2030.

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The Americans appear to see this positively Dietary supplements. According to a 2023 survey, 74% of U.S. adults take Vitamins, prebiotics and the like.

The The dietary supplements business is booming, and with all of the hype surrounding them, it's easy to forget what they really are: substances that may have a significant impact on the body and health, but are usually not regulated like drugs. They are regulated more like food.

Thanks largely to a 1994 law, the Food and Drug Administration is virtually toothless with regards to dietary supplements. As The agency recognizes: “The FDA does not have the authority to approve dietary supplements before they are marketed. Companies can sell dietary supplements without having to go through an approval process or share safety evidence.”

As a member of the research faculty in accomplished medical trainingI’m answerable for teaching practicing physicians to know and critically engage with health research. I write too About health, Wellness and additions for a wider audience. So I spend a variety of time occupied with supplements.

It's vital to think about why so many individuals imagine that supplements might help them live a healthier life. While there are a lot of reasons, the way in which supplements are marketed varies undoubtedly a very important point. In my years of following the industry, I've noticed three false assumptions that keep cropping up in complement marketing.

1. The appeal to the character fallacy

The Appeal to the fallacy of nature arises when one assumes that because something is “natural” it have to be good. The word “natural” is usually utilized in the marketing of dietary supplements. When it involves health, it often feels right to desire natural medicine, remedies, prevention techniques, etc.

For example, if I say “vitamin C,” what do you immediately consider? Probably oranges or citrus fruits basically and flu prevention. But what involves mind once I say “the flu shot”? Probably doctor's offices, a little bit of pain and pharmaceutical corporations. One of them is clinically tested to stop flu-like infections and alleviate the severity of the illness. The other was marketed prefer it does the identical things but There is not any clinical evidence to support this.

The dietary complement industry is filled with brand names that contain the word “nature” and thus confer with the fallacy of nature. Also take a look at web sites and advertisements that urge customers to forgo “artificial” products in favor of a “pure” and “natural” weight loss plan. Using the word “artificial” to explain other products and “natural” to explain a specific complement is meant to make you’re feeling that this product is superior to the competition and that you just need it to be healthy.

To be clear, “natural” doesn’t equal “better,” but that’s what marketing wants you to think.

2. The belief that more of a very good thing is all the time higher

There is one other assumption that follows the fallacy of nature: If something is natural, it have to be good, and more of it must all the time be higher. If a bit little bit of vitamin C is nice for us, then a variety of it have to be great!

The truth is that our bodies tightly regulate the quantity of vitamins and minerals we devour. Unless you’re deficient, consuming a considerable amount of a specific vitamin or mineral through a complement doesn’t necessarily lead to a deficiency health advantages. That's why complement skeptics sometimes say, “You're just paying for expensive urination” – because your body will excrete the surplus.

You can find an example of the “more is better” myth in principally everyone Vitamin C complement. The packaging often clearly shows dosages that may reach 750 or 1,000 milligrams. But adults only need about 75 to 120 milligrams of vitamin C per day. Also have a look Vitamin D supplements This may be done in doses of 5,000 IU or international units – a undeniable fact that can be often clearly visible on the packaging. But Adults mustn’t devour greater than 4,000 IU each day. Again, it's easy to exceed what we want.

3. The motion bias

After all, the complement industry likes to capitalize on the concept doing something is best than doing nothing. that is that Action bias. When people take motion, they feel like they’ve more control over a situation, which has a very positive impact on their health. “Even if I don’t need the extra vitamin C,” they could think, “I’ll take it just to be safe.” What’s the harm?”

The examples within the last section show that dietary supplements often contain persistently the beneficial each day dose of a specific vitamin or mineral. This assumes that it’s protected to ingest such amounts of those particular substances.

It is feasible to have an excessive amount of of a very good thing. Too much vitamin C may cause this Diarrhea, nausea, stomach cramps and more. Too much vitamin D can result in illnesses, amongst other things Nausea, vomiting and kidney stones. Supplements may interact with prescribed medications. For example, St. John's wort is thought for its interaction Contraceptives, immunosuppressants, statins and chemotherapy by strengthening or weakening their effect. When it involves supplements, taking them isn't necessarily higher than not taking them.

Be looking out for these marketing messages – they are usually not necessarily true or good on your health. And talk over with your doctor before taking any supplements.