Construction of a high-speed rail line between downtown San Francisco and downtown Los Angeles has moved one step closer to completion after the ultimate environmental permit was granted for the multi-billion dollar project.

The California High-Speed ​​Rail Authority Board of Directors last week approved the ultimate environmental document for the 38-mile section between Palmdale and Burbank. That means the 463-mile project between the Bay Area and Los Angeles County has now received environmental approval, a key step before construction can begin.

“This is a transformative project for the entire state of California, and the approval is a major milestone in connecting San Francisco to Los Angeles in under three hours. It is also transformative for Los Angeles County as it connects Palmdale to Burbank in a way never before possible,” CEO Brian Kelly said in an announcement.

The panel's approval moves the section connecting the Antelope Valley to the San Fernando Valley closer to being “construction-ready” once financing is on the market, officials said. The entire project still needs greater than $100 billion to be accomplished.

Authority Board Chairman Tom Richards called the approval a historic milestone that closes the gap between Los Angeles and San Francisco.

“We appreciate our agency team and their tireless support and collaboration with local and regional agencies and stakeholders as we work together to improve transportation in California for future generations,” he said in an announcement.

Current plans call for reduced tunneling through the Angeles National Forest and the San Gabriel Mountains for this final section in comparison with other alternatives. Less tunneling in these regions will reduce impacts on communities and environmental resources in the realm, officials said.

While the milestone represents the ultimate environmental impact assessment for the stretch from downtown San Francisco to downtown Los Angeles, the stretch from Los Angeles to Anaheim still requires an environmental impact assessment; completion is predicted next yr.

But work has already begun on the development of the 172-mile electrified high-speed rail line from Merced to Bakersfield. There are currently greater than 25 energetic construction sites within the Central Valley dedicated to this phase of the high-speed rail project.

If the cash is on the market, train service could begin between 2030 and 2033 with 4 sprawling stations along the Central Valley route, officials said. Another $7 billion is required to finish the section. It's unclear when high-speed rail could reach the Bay Area.

Still thousands and thousands of Americans shouldn’t have access to high-speed web. Christopher AliProfessor of Telecommunications at Penn State University discusses who doesn't have access to broadband and the way the federal government – with a commitment of $65 billion – is attempting to get more people online.

The Conversation has collaborated with SciLine to bring you highlights from the discussion, edited for brevity and clarity.

What is Broadband Internet?

Christopher Ali: Broadband Internet, often just called broadband, is the technical term for it High speed web connection.

The Federal Communications Commissionwhich is answerable for establishing an official definition of broadband within the country, defines broadband as an always-available Internet connection from 100 megabits per second download and 20 megabits per second upload.

But what high-speed web essentially means for Americans is that now we have the connectivity we want for our digital lives. Can we stream Netflix? Can we go on Zoom? Can we file our taxes? Can we do our homework? Can we do our job? Can we play?

What are you able to tell us in regards to the differences in broadband access?

Christopher Ali: What's really frustrating is that despite the thousands and thousands – even tens of thousands and thousands – of dollars being spent on broadband mapping, we still aren't sure who’s underserved across the country.

This is what the FCC is currently reporting 7.2 million people haven’t any access, however the commission numbers have historically been suspect. As a result, there are undoubtedly many more people who find themselves neglected and undercounted. In fact, the FCC continues to receive challenges to its broadband map.

For example, when the FCC reported in 2021 that about 14 million people lacked web access, an independent review found this 42 million people had no access. That's a giant discrepancy.

However, one thing is definite: broadband deserts are mostly present in rural, distant and indigenous areas.

It's also clear that cost is a component of the issue. Here within the US, we pay enormous amounts of cash – the best monthly amount for web access almost every other country within the developed world.

A program called Affordable connectivity program subsidizes broadband for low-income families, and 50 million families across the country are eligible for it.

What are the advantages of broadband access?

Christopher Ali: Broadband access can Help with economic development. It generally is a game-changer, particularly in the sector of telehealth for rural, distant and indigenous communities, where there is usually a shortage of doctors and nurses. With telemedicine, you possibly can suddenly keep in touch with a healthcare skilled.

It helps with education. Some studies have found that access to broadband can impact grades and SAT scoresAlthough There is disagreement about this. But the opportunities for college kids with a broadband connection are undeniable – for instance, applying online for study and student grants.

It contributes to civic engagement, which allows voters to contact local officials online. It impacts public safetyeach when it comes to our own safety as members of the general public, but additionally in providing first responders with the power to speak with their responders online.

Broadband also sometimes helps with cultural enrichment, and we I see this often with indigenous communitiesthat may stream cultural and traditional events.

And it improves the standard of life. Everyone enjoys FaceTime with family and friends and shopping online. These things were special essential through the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment Program, enacted as a part of the 2023 Infrastructure Act, provides $42 billion in federal funding to expand broadband infrastructure. How can communities maximize their impact?

Christopher Ali: The money from the BEAD program is run by the states and never by the federal government. Each state receives a portion of the cash depending on the variety of people who find themselves unconnected. Texas, with greater than 1 million unserved or underserved locations, will get $3.3 billion, essentially the most of any state. Pennsylvania will receive about $1.2 billion.

Which federal states have done particularly good work in expanding broadband access?

Christopher Ali: Minnesota did it some amazing work within the last decade. As I describe in my book: “Farm Fresh Broadband: The Politics of Rural Connectivity“Minnesota was certainly one of the primary states to create a broadband funding program – this Border-to-Border Program – and has set himself really ambitious goals. In 2016, for instance, the state set itself the goal of Comprehensive coverage with 100 Mbit/s/20 Mbit/s by 2026.

Another state is Virginia that basically had a wake-up call through the pandemic, leveraging much of the federal money that was flowing through the pipes Strengthening counties, cooperatives and native ISPs.

Vermont has something called “ Communications Union Districts. They have enabled communities to band together to make use of public funds to construct broadband networks.

Public networks will likely be game-changers because they provide communities the chance to attach and shape their very own digital future – either with municipally funded networks, with cooperatives or with some kind of public-private partnership.

Watch them full interview to listen to more.

SciLine is a free service of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a nonprofit organization that helps journalists incorporate science and experts into their news stories.