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	<title>gave &#8211; USA NEWS LIVE</title>
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		<title>Kai Trump gave Kimberly Guilfoyle a &#039;big sideways look&#039; on election night: report</title>
		<link>https://bloggingthree.soflytech.com/2024/11/kai-trump-gave-kimberly-guilfoyle-a-big-sideways-look-on-election-night-report/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[chandankumarsoft]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 13 Nov 2024 10:55:48 +0000</pubDate>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://bloggingthree.soflytech.com/?p=19048</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Kai Trump, Donald Trump&#39;s 17-year-old granddaughter, has emerged because the leading voice of the young, rising generation of America&#39;s latest ruling dynasty, sending vital signals about who&#8217;s in and who&#8217;s out of the family&#39;s inner circle. The eldest daughter of Donald Trump Jr., who can also be an aspiring college golfer and social media influencer, [&#8230;]]]></description>
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<p>Kai Trump, Donald Trump&#39;s 17-year-old granddaughter, has emerged because the leading voice of the young, rising generation of America&#39;s latest ruling dynasty, sending vital signals about who&#8217;s in and who&#8217;s out of the family&#39;s inner circle.</p>
<p>The eldest daughter of Donald Trump Jr., who can also be an aspiring college golfer and social media influencer, has been busy sharing family photos and videos since her grandfather&#39;s stunning victory over Kamala Harris on November 5.</p>
<p>Judging by these family photos, Kimberly Guilfoyle, her father&#39;s longtime fiancée, is the No. 1 one who could be &#8220;down&#8221; within the Trump family circle. <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/trump-family-power-rankings/">the Daily Beast reported</a>. Meanwhile, Kai Trump has announced that billionaire Elon Musk, who reportedly pumped around $130 million into his grandfather&#39;s successful re-election campaign, has achieved this <a href="https://x.com/KaiTrumpGolfs/status/1855734110062272874">“Uncle status.”</a></p>
<figure id="attachment_10896983" class="wp-caption aligncenter size-article_inline"><img decoding="async" class=" lazyautosizes lazyload" alt="MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN – JULY 17: Kimberly Guilfoyle speaks on stage during the third day of the Republican National Convention at the Fiserv Forum on July 17, 2024 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Delegates, politicians and Republican faithful gather in Milwaukee for the annual convention, which ends with former President Donald Trump&#39;s acceptance of his party&#39;s presidential nomination. The RNC will take place July 15-18. (Photo by Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)" width="5465" data-sizes="auto" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.mercurynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Guilfoyle2024.jpeg?fit=620%2C9999px&#038;ssl=1" data-attachment-id="10896983" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.mercurynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Guilfoyle2024.jpeg?fit=620%2C9999px&#038;ssl=1 620w,https://i0.wp.com/www.mercurynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Guilfoyle2024.jpeg?fit=780%2C9999px&#038;ssl=1 780w,https://i0.wp.com/www.mercurynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Guilfoyle2024.jpeg?fit=810%2C9999px&#038;ssl=1 810w,https://i0.wp.com/www.mercurynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Guilfoyle2024.jpeg?fit=1280%2C9999px&#038;ssl=1 1280w,https://i0.wp.com/www.mercurynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Guilfoyle2024.jpeg?fit=1860%2C9999px&#038;ssl=1 1860w"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN – JULY 17: Kimberly Guilfoyle speaks on stage in the course of the third day of the Republican National Convention on the Fiserv Forum on July 17, 2024 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. (Photo by Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images) </figcaption></figure>
<p>This week on social media: <a href="https://www.instagram.com/kimberlyguilfoyle/?hl=en">Guilfoyle continued to advertise himself</a> as an ardent Trump loyalist and shared a video of Trump Jr. giving a celebratory interview on Fox News after the election. But for weeks, Guilfoyle, 55, has faced speculation that her relationship with Trump Jr., 46, is troubled following reports in September of his alleged &#8220;affair&#8221; with one other, younger woman, as reported by the Daily Beast reported.</p>
<p>Trump family watchers noted <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-mysterious-erasure-of-mamacita-kimberly-guilfoyle/">a distance between Guilfoyle and Trump Jr.</a> on election night as he tried not to face next to her as they joined the remaining of the family and other top Trump supporters on stage in Florida to have fun their patriarch&#39;s return to the White House.</p>
<p>In a video, Trump Jr. might be seen changing locations away from Guilfoyle several times before finally deciding to show his back on her. <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-mysterious-erasure-of-mamacita-kimberly-guilfoyle/">the Daily Beast reported.</a> However, in accordance with one other Daily Beast report, Trump Jr. wasn&#39;t the one one who can have tried to avoid Guilfoyle. She appeared to get it too <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/trump-family-power-rankings/">“big side eye”</a> of Kai Trump, one in every of five children Trump Jr. shares together with his ex-wife Vanessa Trump.</p>
<p>According to the Daily Beast, such tension doesn&#8217;t bode well for Guilfoyle. If Gulfoyle &#8220;hasn&#39;t won over her would-be stepdaughter, it could be an uphill battle for her future as Mrs. Don Jr.,&#8221; the Daily Beast said.</p>
<p>Two days later, Kai Trump posted a wierd family photo on X &#8211; wherein Guilfoyle was not visible. The photo was taken at Mar-a-Lago on election night and the teenager captioned it &#8220;the whole bunch.&#8221; The photo showed the long run forty seventh president surrounded by all five of his adult children and three of their partners, in addition to Kai and her 4 siblings.</p>
<p>But Guilfoyle was noticeably missing from the “troops” photo. More or less in her place was Vanessa Trump, who stood by her ex-husband and five children.</p>
<p>Melania Trump was also missing from the photo &#8211; and doubtless for reasons which may take some time to unravel. However, the photo prominently featured “Uncle” Elon Musk, standing nearby together with his beloved 4-year-old son, X-AE-A12.</p>
<figure id="attachment_11265477" class="wp-caption aligncenter size-article_inline"><img decoding="async" class=" lazyautosizes lazyload" alt="Son of former U.S. President Donald Trump Donald Trump Jr. (R) greets his daughter Kai Madison Trump on the third day of the 2024 Republican National Convention at the Fiserv Forum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, July 17, 2024, days after he survived the assassination attempt Donald Trump won the formal nomination as the Republican presidential candidate and chose U.S. Senator JD Vance of Ohio as vice president. (Photo by Kamil Krzaczynski / AFP) (Photo by KAMIL KRZACZYNSKI/AFP via Getty Images)" width="3917" data-sizes="auto" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.mercurynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/KaiTrumpRNC.jpg?fit=620%2C9999px&#038;ssl=1" data-attachment-id="11265477" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.mercurynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/KaiTrumpRNC.jpg?fit=620%2C9999px&#038;ssl=1 620w,https://i0.wp.com/www.mercurynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/KaiTrumpRNC.jpg?fit=780%2C9999px&#038;ssl=1 780w,https://i0.wp.com/www.mercurynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/KaiTrumpRNC.jpg?fit=810%2C9999px&#038;ssl=1 810w,https://i0.wp.com/www.mercurynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/KaiTrumpRNC.jpg?fit=1280%2C9999px&#038;ssl=1 1280w,https://i0.wp.com/www.mercurynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/KaiTrumpRNC.jpg?fit=1860%2C9999px&#038;ssl=1 1860w"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Son of former US President Donald Trump Donald Trump Jr. (R) greets his daughter Kai Madison Trump on the third day of the 2024 Republican National Convention on the Fiserv Forum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, July 17, 2024. (Photo by Kamil Krzaczynski / AFP ) (Photo by KAMIL KRZACZYNSKI/AFP via Getty Images) </figcaption></figure>
<p>On Sunday, Kai Trump shared more behind-the-scenes photos from election night that didn&#8217;t include Guilfoyle. She posted on YouTube<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=smI_BS5Tujg&#038;t=461s"> a video from election night</a> These included scenes of a sublime lounge at her grandfather&#39;s Mar-a-Lago resort in Palm Beach, Florida, where the family had gathered to observe election night coverage. At one point within the video, Kai may very well be seen standing together with her father and mother while Trump sat at a table. Barron Trump was also in the image.</p>
<p>Other video clips showed the family coming together to pose for the &#8220;Squad&#8221; photo with Trump. There was a primary photo of the forty fifth president posing with Trump Jr. and his family, including Vanessa, Kai and their 4 other children. For this photo, the previous real estate mogul and reality TV star insisted that Musk and his &#8220;beautiful&#8221; son participate on this group photo.</p>
<p>Soon, other relations gathered for an additional group photo, including Barron, Tiffany and her husband, Michael Boulos, Ivanka Trump and Jared Kushner, and Eric and Lara Trump. Musk and his son were also there, but again, there have been no signs of Guilfoyle and Melania Trump.</p>
<p>As for Musk, Kai Trump shared a photograph of himself with the Tesla CEO on Sunday. It showed her on a golf course with the X founder and his son, one in every of his eleven children. She captioned<a href="https://x.com/KaiTrumpGolfs/status/1855734110062272874"> It,</a> “Elon achieves uncle status,” with a laughing emoji.</p>
<p>But the status of Trump Jr.&#39;s relationship with Guilfoyle stays a mystery, although a NewsNation report last month said their relationship is &#8220;doing well.&#8221; The former San Francisco prosecutor and early nemesis of Vice President Harris was a significant fundraiser for Trump — and the president-elect thanked her in his victory speech on the West Palm Beach Convention Center.</p>
<p>Guilfoyle, who can also be the ex-wife of California Gov. Gavin Newsom, began showing her Republican leanings after she left California in 2004 to pursue a profession as a legal commentator on cable news. Her conservative views appeared to harden when she joined Fox News, and he or she became a full-fledged MAGA supporter when she and Trump Jr. began dating in 2018.</p>
<p>They became a MAGA power couple once they bought a house together in Florida and campaigned for Trump in 2020. Guilfoyle&#39;s passion for &#8220;all things Trump and Don Jr.&#8221; became a big a part of her public persona, the Daily Beast said.</p>
<p>But in September, the pro-Trump Daily Mail reported that Guilfoyle had been &#8220;blindsided&#8221; by the revelation that her fiancé was &#8220;fooling around&#8221; with one other woman, a reasonably blonde Palm Beach socialite named Bettina Anderson. Also potentially worrying for Guilfoyle: This “affair” has change into an “open secret” in elite Republican circles in upscale Palm Beach and the encircling area, the Daily Mail also said.</p>
<p>&#8220;Kimberly either didn&#39;t know about Bettina &#8211; or didn&#39;t want to know,&#8221; an insider told the Daily Mail in September. “Has she heard rumors that Don Jr. was fooling around with someone else? Probably.&#8221;</p>
<p>Additionally, Anderson appears to be friends with both Vanessa and Kai Trump. Photos posted online on social media show Anderson and the mother and daughter at an &#8220;intimate&#8221; gathering of Trump supporters in Florida sometime this summer, the Daily Mail reported.</p>
<p>On the campaign trail, in the weeks following the Daily Mail&#39;s report, Trump Jr. and Guilfoyle &#8220;kept going &#8211; often with tense poses and awkward joint appearances,&#8221; the Daily Beast also reported.</p>
<p>Political observers wondered whether the relationship would last beyond the election after photographic evidence emerged of him &#8220;making out&#8221; with the socialite, according to Puck writer Tara Palmeri on her podcast &#8220;Somebody&#39;s Gotta Win.&#8221;</p>
<p>Guilfoyle has also emerged as a rather &#8220;awkward sort of MAGA mistress,&#8221; the target of unflattering memes about her looks and her habit of screaming in her speeches, the Daily Beast said.</p>
<p>It probably wouldn&#39;t help Guilfoyle if she got on the wrong side of Kai Trump. <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/trump-family-power-rankings/">the Daily Beast also r</a>exported. For one thing, Kai has become a force in her grandfather&#39;s political movement, especially after speaking at the Republican National Convention and showing that she has the power to appeal to other young voters and to &#8220;humanize&#8221; her &#8220;normal grandfather.&#8221;</p>
<p>On election night, Guilfoyle may have been the only woman in the world darker than Harris—&#8221;and all the contours in the world couldn&#39;t hide it from her face,&#8221; the Daily Beast said. Trump Jr. seemed to make it clear that she was “the odd man out.”</p>
<p>Originally published: <time datetime="2024-11-12 13:45:52">November 12, 2024 at 1:45 pm PST</time></p>
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<br /><em>image credit : www.mercurynews.com</em></p>
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		<title>Me and my automobile: An East Bay man gave his family the 1976 Lincoln Continental</title>
		<link>https://bloggingthree.soflytech.com/2024/10/me-and-my-automobile-an-east-bay-man-gave-his-family-the-1976-lincoln-continental/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[chandankumarsoft]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 13 Oct 2024 14:48:17 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Arts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bay]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[car]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Continental]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[East]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[family]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gave]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lincoln]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[man]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://bloggingthree.soflytech.com/?p=17248</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The Lincoln Continental was developed primarily because Edsel Ford wanted a singular personal automobile. Related articles Local News &#124; Me and my automobile: The 1969 Chevrolet Camaro convertible in East Bay is a pacesetter Local News &#124; Me and my automobile: &#39;65 Chevy Corvair &#8220;in progress&#8221; in Danville Local News &#124; Me and My Car: [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.mercurynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/BRN-L-MMCAR-COL-1018-1.jpg?w=1400px&amp;strip=all" /></p>
<p>The Lincoln Continental was developed primarily because Edsel Ford wanted a singular personal automobile.</p>
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</aside>
<p>In 1938, Edsel Ford vacationed in Europe and was impressed by some European styling, including cars with a rear-mounted spare tire. He commissioned Eugene “Bob” Gregorie to construct a convertible. Gregorie began constructing plans for the trendy and popular Lincoln Zephyr and is claimed to have accomplished the initial sketch for the automobile in about an hour.</p>
<p>The running boards were removed and the automobile was about 7 inches lower than the usual Lincoln. Edsel Ford wanted it in time for his Florida vacation in March 1939 so he could show it to his wealthy friends to see in the event that they liked the design. That&#39;s what they did.</p>
<p>Not much chrome was used, mainly just within the grille. It had a 267 cubic inch V12 engine and like all other Ford products of the time, it featured transverse leaf springs on the front and rear. Amazingly, Gregorie accomplished the automobile on time and it was shipped to Florida.</p>
<p>Edsel sent a telegram back to Michigan saying he could sell a thousand of them. Since the design was based on the European cars that Edsel had seen abroad, it was decided that the brand new Lincoln automobile should bear the Continental name.</p>
<p>Production began almost immediately, with most vehicles being produced as convertible convertibles and only just a few coupes. They were primarily hand-built vehicles &#8211; two dozen 1939 models and 400 as 1940 models, but all sold as 1940 models.</p>
<p>Recognizable features of the Continental were the long hood and the short rear deck with a spare wheel mounted behind the trunk. The starting signal for the primary Continental generation began. It ran through the 1940-42 and 1946-48 model years, and ten generations of the Continental have now been produced.</p>
<p>The vehicle featured on this issue is from the fifth generation: a 1976 Lincoln Continental Mark IV owned by David Barlow of Danville, who told me this interesting story.</p>
<p>“In 1976, my father was driving down Van Ness Avenue in San Francisco and saw the most beautiful yellow Lincoln he had ever seen in what was then the Lincoln-Mercury dealer showroom. He parked his car, went in and bought it from the showroom. It was the pride and joy of his life and the pride and joy of the family.”</p>
<p>After his father&#39;s death, Barlow&#39;s mother passed the automobile right down to him, and he drove it as a family automobile for about 15 years, but didn&#8217;t keep it.</p>
<p>“In 1995, we parked the car in a dirt lot in Clayton that had the cheapest storage fee,” Barlow said. “During this time, the custom top got here off and mice entered the automobile, eating the leather interior and engine wires and making a house within the air filter.</p>
<p>“In 2005, I decided to restore the car in honor of my late father. I had no idea what I was doing, but I had a son who lived in Denver and happened to know a meticulous car restorer. We shipped the car to Denver for a project we thought would take a year and cost about $15,000. The project took five years and cost $70,000.”</p>
<p>The automobile has been restored exactly because it was when purchased latest in 1976 and drives like latest. Barlow smiles and waves as he gets thumbs-up signs while driving locally. On September twenty seventh, this beautiful Lincoln was shipped to her son, making him the third generation family owner. And that&#39;s the glad a part of this story.</p>
<p>And now for the sad a part of the story. David and Jan Barlow have lived in Danville for 48 years and are each 79 years old. David was diagnosed with bladder cancer and Jan suffers from leukemia. Her big wish now&#8217;s that they will rejoice their eightieth birthday together and without pain. That is my wish too.</p>
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<p><em>image credit : www.mercurynews.com</em></p>
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		<title>D23 gave Disney fans many answers, but questions remain</title>
		<link>https://bloggingthree.soflytech.com/2024/08/d23-gave-disney-fans-many-answers-but-questions-remain/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[chandankumarsoft]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Aug 2024 16:46:23 +0000</pubDate>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://bloggingthree.soflytech.com/?p=11812</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Disney provided numerous long-awaited answers about its theme parks on the D23 event in Anaheim on Saturday night, August 10. But that doesn&#39;t mean Disneyland fans still don&#39;t have questions. Josh D&#39;Amaro, Chairman of Disney Experiences, brought quite a bit to make Marvel fans completely satisfied. Along with Scott Trowbridge of Walt Disney Imagineering, he [&#8230;]]]></description>
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<div>
<p>Disney provided numerous long-awaited answers about its theme parks on the D23 event in Anaheim on Saturday night, August 10. But that doesn&#39;t mean Disneyland fans still don&#39;t have questions.</p>
<p>Josh D&#39;Amaro, Chairman of Disney Experiences, brought quite a bit to make Marvel fans completely satisfied. Along with Scott Trowbridge of Walt Disney Imagineering, he confirmed that construction on the previously announced Avengers ride at Disney California Adventure will begin next yr and that it would be named <a href="https://www.ocregister.com/2024/08/10/disneyland-announces-details-for-marvel-e-ticket-ride-at-d23/">Avengers: Infinity Defense</a>.</p>
<p>The attraction will feature a moving-base vehicle that battles King Thanos in a metaverse travel adventure. But the large surprise for Marvel fans at D23 was that Avengers Campus is getting one other recent attraction. Stark Flight Lab will probably be a robotic-arm attraction designed to make you&#8217;re feeling like Iron Man in flight. Robert Downey Jr. will reprise his role as Tony Stark in recorded media for each attractions after returning to the Marvel Cinematic Universe as Doctor Doom.</p>
<p>Disney has released concept art showing the position of those two attractions on an expanded Avengers Campus, but fans still have questions on the position of the opposite two rides announced for Disney California Adventure.</p>
<p>The park is getting two recent boat rides, <a href="https://www.ocregister.com/2024/08/10/disneyland-reveals-plans-for-new-avatar-land-based-on-way-of-water/">one based on Avatar</a> and the opposite Coco, Disney&#39;s first theme park attraction based on the 2017 Pixar film. D&#39;Amaro said construction on the Coco attraction will begin in 2026, but didn&#8217;t give a timeline for the Avatar attraction and surrounding area.</p>
<p>And what about Disneyland? D&#39;Amaro revealed that the Main Street Opera House will get a Walt Disney Audio-Animatronic figure that can star in a brand new show that can alternate with Great Moments With Mr. Lincoln. But there was no announcement of <a href="https://www.ocregister.com/2024/06/05/first-look-at-frozen-ride-pitched-for-disneyland-expansion/">World of the Ice Queen</a> or other recent rides or areas at Disneyland. Fans are still left wondering what&#8217;s going to occur within the Toy Story parking zone and the Cast Parking Lot west of Disneyland Drive &#8212; locations that were depicted in DisneylandForward concept art as recent attractions or hotels.</p>
<p>As much as fans have been waiting for this yr&#39;s D23 to get all of the answers about Disneyland&#39;s future, there won&#8217;t ever be a definitive answer. Construction on the brand new Coco ride could begin in 2026, but there may even be one other D23 event this yr with one other set of announcements.</p>
<p>As company officials wish to remind their fans, Walt said that so long as there may be imagination left on the earth, Disneyland won&#8217;t ever be finished. The story never ends. There is at all times a giant, beautiful tomorrow, and you simply should wait until then to search out out what the subsequent one brings.</p>
</p>
<p>Originally published: <time datetime="2024-08-13 09:17:02">August 13, 2024 at 9:17 am</time></p>
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<p><em>image credit : www.mercurynews.com</em></p>
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		<title>NASA&#039;s Asteroid Sample Mission gave scientists world wide a rare opportunity to check a man-made meteor</title>
		<link>https://bloggingthree.soflytech.com/2024/06/nasas-asteroid-sample-mission-gave-scientists-world-wide-a-rare-opportunity-to-check-a-man-made-meteor/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[chandankumarsoft]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 12 Jun 2024 03:06:46 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Technology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Asteroid]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gave]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[manmade]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[meteor]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mission]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NASA39s]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[opportunity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rare]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sample]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[scientists]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[study]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[World]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://bloggingthree.soflytech.com/?p=6073</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Earth is continuously bombarded by rock and ice fragments from space, also generally known as meteoroids. Most meteoroids are as small as grains of sand and small pebbles, and burn up completely high within the atmosphere. Meteoroids, in regards to the size of a golf ball, will be seen once they light up as meteors [&#8230;]]]></description>
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<div itemprop="articleBody">
<p>Earth is continuously bombarded by rock and ice fragments from space, also generally known as meteoroids. Most meteoroids are as small as grains of sand and small pebbles, and burn up completely high within the atmosphere. Meteoroids, in regards to the size of a golf ball, will be seen once they light up as meteors or shooting stars on a dark, clear night. </p>
<p>While very small meteoroids are common, larger meteoroids – those larger than a dishwasher – usually are not.</p>
<p>Meteoroids are difficult objects for <a href="https://ceat.okstate.edu/mae/faculty-staff/faculty-bios/brian-elbing.html">Aerospace</a> And <a href="https://scholar.google.ca/citations?user=cNZPuIMAAAAJ&#038;hl=en">Geophysicist</a> We want to check them because we often cannot predict when and where they may hit the atmosphere. However, in very rare cases, we will study artificial objects that enter the atmosphere in an identical option to meteoroids. </p>
<p>These objects originate from space missions that aim to move physical extraterrestrial samples from space to Earth. Due to this similarity to meteoroids when entering the atmosphere, these sample return capsules (SRCs) are also known as &#8220;artificial meteors&#8221;.</p>
<p>More than 80 researchers from greater than a dozen institutions recently worked together to check such an “artificial meteor” – <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/osiris-rex/">NASA&#39;s sample return capsule OSIRIS-REx</a> – when it re-entered the Earth’s atmosphere. </p>
<p>These institutions included <a href="https://www.sandia.gov/">Sandia National Laboratories</a>NASA&#39;s <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">Jet propulsion laboratory</a>, <a href="https://www.lanl.gov/">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>The <a href="https://www.dtra.mil/">Defense Threat Reduction Agency</a>, <a href="https://tda.com/">TDA Research Inc.</a>The <a href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu/">University of Hawaii</a>The <a href="https://www.afrl.af.mil/">Air Force Research Laboratory</a>The <a href="https://www.awe.co.uk/about-us/">Blacknest nuclear weapons facility</a>, <a href="https://www.boisestate.edu/">Boise State University</a>, <a href="https://inl.gov/">Idaho National Laboratory</a>, <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a>, <a href="https://www.kochi-tech.ac.jp/kut/english/">Kochi Technical University</a>, <a href="https://nnss.gov/">Nevada National Security Site</a>, <a href="https://www.smu.edu/">Southern Methodist University</a>The <a href="https://www.memphis.edu/">University of Memphis</a>  And <a href="https://go.okstate.edu/">Oklahoma State University</a>. </p>
<p>This sample return provided our teams with a novel opportunity to measure the sound waves and other phenomena that objects from space produce as they speed through Earth&#39;s atmosphere. </p>
<p>To record signals, we installed many sensitive microphones and other instruments at key locations near the SRC&#39;s flight path.</p>
<p>While space agencies and personal corporations are continuously sending objects into space, the OSIRIS-REx SRC is one in all only a handful of objects which have returned to Earth from interplanetary space for the reason that end of the Apollo missions. Only these objects can reach the speed of natural meteoroids, which <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14101473">their re-entry precious</a> to check the properties of natural objects. </p>
<h2>Sampling from an asteroid</h2>
<p>NASA launched the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer or <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0405-1">OSIRIS REx</a>Mission on September 8, 2016. She traveled to <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/asteroids/101955-bennu/">Bennu, a near-Earth asteroid</a>and picked up a sample from its surface in October 2020.</p>
<figure>
<p><iframe title="To Bennu and Back: Journey’s End" width="1170" height="658" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/O8R2hsoIgTc?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></p><figcaption><span class="caption">The OSIRIS-REx mission collected a sample from Bennu, a carbon-rich asteroid.</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>The sample <a href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/osiris-rex/">returned to earth</a> in a sample return capsule within the early morning of September 24, 2023. The SRC re-entered the Earth&#39;s atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean at a speed of over 43,500 km/h and landed in Utah just minutes later.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:66.57824933687002%;--background-color:#9fa169"><img decoding="async" alt="The sample return capsule, a black box, is on the ground after landing." class="lazyload" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/581381/original/file-20240312-16-j4zf1n.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/581381/original/file-20240312-16-j4zf1n.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=400&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/581381/original/file-20240312-16-j4zf1n.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=400&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/581381/original/file-20240312-16-j4zf1n.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=400&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/581381/original/file-20240312-16-j4zf1n.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=502&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/581381/original/file-20240312-16-j4zf1n.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=502&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/581381/original/file-20240312-16-j4zf1n.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=502&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div><figcaption>
              <span class="caption">The Bennu sample return capsule.</span><br />
              <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://newsroom.ap.org/detail/AsteroidSampleReturn/41553ebc203040c283889e3d2e03f760/photo?Query=bennu%20sample%20capsule&#038;mediaType=photo&#038;sortBy=&#038;dateRange=Anytime&#038;totalCount=33&#038;currentItemNo=30">Keegan Barber/NASA via AP</a></span><br />
            </figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2018.05.010">SRCs generate a shock wave</a> once they dive deep into the atmosphere, just like the sonic boom produced by a supersonic jet <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/sound-barrier">break the sound barrier</a>The shock wave then loses power until only low-frequency sound stays. <a href="https://ncpa.olemiss.edu/atmospheric/">called infrasound</a>.</p>
<p>While humans cannot hear infrasound, sensitive scientific instruments can detect it even over great distances. Some of those instruments are on the bottom, while others are suspended from balloons within the air.</p>
<h2>Observation of the SRC</h2>
<p>Our teams of scientists used the SRC reentry as a possibility to learn more about meteors. One of the teams, led by <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=GhwEYzgAAAAJ&#038;hl=en">Siddharth Krishnamoorthy</a> at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, used the SRC reentry to check infrasound detection balloons that were later used on the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100978">Planet Venus</a>.</p>
<p>Another team, led by one in all us – <a href="https://scholar.google.ca/citations?user=cNZPuIMAAAAJ&#038;hl=en">Elizabeth Silver</a> &#8211; And <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=iFG-r88AAAAJ&#038;hl=en">Daniel Bowman</a> at Sandia National Labs, the SRC used it to raised understand how we will use sound to [gather information about meteoroids].</p>
<p>Researchers from many institutions across the country participated in these statement campaigns.</p>
<p>Our teams strategically placed instruments at locations spanning 300 miles (482 km) from Eureka, Nevada, to close the landing site in Utah. Instruments ranged from high-tech specialized sensors to smartphones on the bottom across the SRC&#39;s flight path and landing site, monitoring low-frequency sound waves from the SRC&#39;s reentry.</p>
<p>In addition to the ground-based sensors, our researchers attached instruments to balloons that hovered at twice the altitude of economic aircraft in the course of the SRC&#39;s reentry. The sensors attached to those balloons recorded the sound waves generated by the SRC&#39;s shock wave. These sound waves contained information in regards to the SRC, its motion, and the environment it passed through. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:124.53580901856765%;--background-color:#2c3756"><img decoding="async" alt="A large, transparent balloon that rises into the sky and is attached to a ribbon." class="lazyload" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/581378/original/file-20240312-22-payw66.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/581378/original/file-20240312-22-payw66.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=747&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/581378/original/file-20240312-22-payw66.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=747&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/581378/original/file-20240312-22-payw66.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=747&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/581378/original/file-20240312-22-payw66.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=939&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/581378/original/file-20240312-22-payw66.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=939&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/581378/original/file-20240312-22-payw66.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=939&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div><figcaption>
              <span class="caption">One of the early morning balloon launches with sensors to detect the low frequency sound emitted by the re-entry of the OSIRIS-REx capsule.</span><br />
              <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Emmalee Hough</span></span><br />
            </figcaption></figure>
<p>The balloon teams needed to time the balloons precisely to make sure they were in the suitable position when the SRC flew by. NASA team members <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">Jet propulsion laboratory</a>, <a href="https://go.okstate.edu/">Oklahoma State University</a> And <a href="https://www.sandia.gov/">Sandia National Laboratories</a> launched several several types of balloons from Eureka, Nevada before dawn.</p>
<p>Researchers from OSU, Sandia and the <a href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu/">University of Hawaii</a> Additionally, ground infrasound sensors were deployed closer to the SRC landing site along the Utah-Nevada border and at Wendover Airport. Although the SRC was already slowing down and Wendover Airport was about 3 times farther from the flight path than the Eureka deployment, we were still in a position to detect a transparent infrasound signal here.</p>
<p>Researchers on these teams at the moment are analyzing the info to discover the points along the trajectory where the instruments recorded the SRC&#39;s reentry signals. Since the SRC&#39;s flight path was about 482 km long, researchers need to search out the points of origin of the signals detected by the assorted sensors. </p>
<p>This was essentially the most heavily instrumented <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/10/1473">Hypersonic reentry in history</a>.</p>
<p>These studies will help our teams understand the patterns through which the low-frequency sound waves propagated through the atmosphere and where the shock wave reached its highest intensity. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:74.40318302387267%;--background-color:#4f2f32"><img decoding="async" alt="A group of smiling researchers" class="lazyload" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/581379/original/file-20240312-20-qja07z.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/581379/original/file-20240312-20-qja07z.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=447&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/581379/original/file-20240312-20-qja07z.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=447&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/581379/original/file-20240312-20-qja07z.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=447&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/581379/original/file-20240312-20-qja07z.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=561&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/581379/original/file-20240312-20-qja07z.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=561&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/581379/original/file-20240312-20-qja07z.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=561&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div><figcaption>
              <span class="caption">Team members from the University of Hawaii and Oklahoma State University during operations at Wendover Airport.</span><br />
              <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Milton A. Garcés</span></span><br />
            </figcaption></figure>
<p>While our teams are still analyzing the info, preliminary results show that our instruments have captured many signals that may help future researchers use low-frequency sound waves to check meteors.</p>
<p>And if researchers gain insight into the intricacies of how low-frequency sound waves propagate through the atmosphere, they could give you the option to make use of infrasound to detect threats on Earth. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5124486">like tornadoes</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102962">and avalanches</a>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><em>image credit : theconversation.com</em></p>
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		<title>Demands for divestment from the apartheid regime in South Africa gave today&#039;s pro-Palestinian student activists a blueprint to follow.</title>
		<link>https://bloggingthree.soflytech.com/2024/05/demands-for-divestment-from-the-apartheid-regime-in-south-africa-gave-todays-pro-palestinian-student-activists-a-blueprint-to-follow/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[chandankumarsoft]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 26 May 2024 06:02:15 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[activists]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[apartheid]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blueprint]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[demands]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[divestment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[follow]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gave]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[proPalestinian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[regime]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[South]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[student]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[today39s]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://bloggingthree.soflytech.com/?p=4554</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[In recent weeks, university campuses within the United States were rocked by pro-Palestinian protestswith police being called to arrest protesters and threaten students with expulsion. But the demonstrators’ tactics are nothing unusual. Acquisition of university buildings And Establishment of tent camps on lawns and courtyards of universities. These students, whose actions are Years of the [&#8230;]]]></description>
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<p>In recent weeks, university campuses within the United States <a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/pro-palestinian-campus-protests-are-evolving-heres-what-to-watch">were rocked by pro-Palestinian protests</a>with police being called to arrest protesters and threaten students with expulsion.  </p>
<p>But the demonstrators’ tactics are nothing unusual. <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/upenn-anti-israel-protesters-arrested-attempt-occupy-building-police-say">Acquisition of university buildings</a> And <a href="https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-campus-protests-6799da4ccbc02f497ad106fce661f4a5">Establishment of tent camps</a> on lawns and courtyards of universities.</p>
<p>These students, whose actions are <a href="https://nationalsjp.org/getinvolved">Years of the organization</a> Led by Students for Justice in Palestine, they&#8217;re a part of a protracted history of radical student organizing. </p>
<p>There are echoes of each the protests against the Vietnam War within the Nineteen Sixties and Seventies and, more recently, South African apartheid within the Eighties. </p>
<p>In the Eighties, US student activists campaigned for higher education to be “<a href="https://africanactivist.msu.edu/recordFiles/210-849-21580/UNdecember1986.pdf">South Africa Free</a>.” They called on universities to commit to divesting all assets held in foundations which can be linked to business relations in or with South Africa.</p>
<p>For the past decade, I even have researched and written about these black-led anti-apartheid movements. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/725828">with a special deal with student campaigns</a>. </p>
<p>By denouncing the complicity of universities, corporations and the federal government in South Africa&#39;s apartheid system, student activists were in a position to show that demands for divestment is usually a concrete and effective type of protest.</p>
<h2>A movement that took a long time</h2>
<p><a href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/apartheid">Apartheid was a racist and exploitative project</a> which had developed over a long time amongst white South African officials. </p>
<p><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/apartheid">Racial segregation laws</a> And <a href="https://www.gov.za/issues/land-reform">Land expropriation policy</a> created a captive, impoverished black population whose exploitation and disenfranchisement ensured the economic prosperity of the ruling white minority.</p>
<p>The idea of ​​promoting the sale of assets of firms doing business in South Africa originally got here from <a href="https://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/antiapartheid/exhibits/show/interviews/ansell-horn">the rules of the South African liberation movements</a>which called for a complete economic, cultural and diplomatic boycott of the country&#39;s white minority government.</p>
<p>The most significant <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt2tt1rq">South African liberation movements</a> were the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-National-Congress">African National Congress</a>founded in 1912, and the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-Africanist-Congress-of-Azania">Pan-African Congress</a>founded in 1959. The South African government <a href="https://aurn.com/on-this-day-in-1960-the-african-national-congress-was-banned-in-south-africa/">banned each organizations in 1960</a>which forces organizers to construct their movements in exile.</p>
<figure class="align-right zoomable">
<div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:127.0042194092827%;--background-color:#967c74"><img decoding="async" alt="Typewritten flyer protesting against the US government&#39;s relations with South Africa." class="lazyload" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/595245/original/file-20240520-17-5zcd4n.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=237&#038;fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/595245/original/file-20240520-17-5zcd4n.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=763&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/595245/original/file-20240520-17-5zcd4n.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=763&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/595245/original/file-20240520-17-5zcd4n.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=763&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/595245/original/file-20240520-17-5zcd4n.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=959&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/595245/original/file-20240520-17-5zcd4n.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=959&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/595245/original/file-20240520-17-5zcd4n.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=959&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div><figcaption>
              <span class="caption">A leaflet from the late Seventies calls for “the immediate withdrawal of all US investments from South Africa.”</span><br />
              <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/this-flyer-urges-people-to-tell-congress-to-end-trade-with-news-photo/1326283084?adppopup=true">Heritage Images/Getty Images</a></span><br />
            </figcaption></figure>
<p>In response, anti-apartheid activists world wide developed creative ways to heed the decision. </p>
<p>In the late Nineteen Sixties, for instance, US students criticized US banks that provided loans to the South African government, calling them “<a href="https://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt0f59n4cm;NAAN=13030&#038;doc.view=frames&#038;chunk.id=d0e93&#038;toc.id=0">partner[s] in apartheid</a>.”</p>
<p>And the Students for a Democratic Society and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee <a href="https://africanactivist.msu.edu/record/210-849-31362/">coordinated a sit-in</a> at Chase Manhattan Bank in New York City in 1965.</p>
<p>Following the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/28/archives/witnesses-tell-what-they-saw-when-riots-came-to-soweto.html">1976 Soweto Uprising</a>during which South African police massacred not less than 150 children, some U.S. employees demanded the cancellation of their pension funds.<a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-05-05-mn-8917-story.html">South Africa Free</a>”, and students at US colleges and universities <a href="https://convergencemag.com/articles/student-movements-helped-fuel-divestment-from-apartheid-south-africa/">organized among the first protests</a> They are demanding the sale of their schools’ foundation funds. </p>
<p>The founding of the <a href="https://africanactivist.msu.edu/organization/210-813-738/">Committee against bank loans to South Africa</a> made economic disengagement a central a part of the anti-apartheid movement within the United States, which grew stronger each on and off campus over the following decade.</p>
<h2>Calls for divestment are growing louder</h2>
<p>At its peak in 1985 and 1986 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/725828">Protests for the whole economic isolation of South Africa</a> appeared at greater than 200 colleges and universities within the USA  </p>
<p>Whether enrolled at historically African-American colleges and universities, liberal arts colleges, Ivy League schools, or public universities, students coordinated a national divestment movement and placed the problem of U.S. investment in South Africa at the middle of U.S. mental and social life. </p>
<p>The student organization formed the militant base of the US anti-apartheid movement <a href="https://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/antiapartheid/exhibits/show/exhibit/legacies-of-the-movement--1987/divestment-as-an-activist-stra">and contributed to economic, political and cultural isolation</a> the violent and repressive regime of the white minority in South Africa.</p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:65.91511936339522%;--background-color:#a56d5c"><img decoding="async" alt="Students hold signs reading “Divest now: Liberate South Africa” and “BOYCOTT.”" class="lazyload" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/595242/original/file-20240520-25-pa0exm.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/595242/original/file-20240520-25-pa0exm.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=396&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/595242/original/file-20240520-25-pa0exm.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=396&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/595242/original/file-20240520-25-pa0exm.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=396&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/595242/original/file-20240520-25-pa0exm.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=497&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/595242/original/file-20240520-25-pa0exm.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=497&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/595242/original/file-20240520-25-pa0exm.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=497&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div><figcaption>
              <span class="caption">Demonstrating students hold signs calling on Harvard University to divest from firms that do business with South Africa.</span><br />
              <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/student-anti-apartheid-protesters-with-placards-urging-news-photo/952172930?adppopup=true">Barbara Alper/Getty Images</a></span><br />
            </figcaption></figure>
<p>Students erected blockades, organized sit-outs, occupied buildings and built “<a href="https://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/antiapartheid/exhibits/show/exhibit/students-take-campus--1984-198/shantytowns">Slums</a>“ – that are modeled on the makeshift housing during which many black South Africans lived during apartheid – at greater than 100 universities.</p>
<p>This <a href="https://africanactivist.msu.edu/record/210-849-21580/">Protests in slums</a> marked the culmination of nearly a decade of anti-apartheid organizing on campus. Thousands of scholars on a whole lot of campuses arrange camps to attempt to &#8220;<a href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1985/4/2/protesters-kick-off-divestiture-rallies-pkicking/">No more “business as usual”</a>”, as student groups put it.</p>
<h2>Persistence pays off</h2>
<p><a href="https://cornellsun.com/2024/05/07/from-shantytown-to-the-liberated-zone-cornells-history-of-encampments/">At schools</a> <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1986/04/12/apartheid-protests-held-at-2-campuses/959f54ae-3b9d-4453-afd5-213f675f586a/">across the country</a>University administrations <a href="https://www.aei.org/op-eds/john-silber-the-campuses-have-need-of-you/">ordered the police to clear the slums</a>.</p>
<p>The backlash from universities ultimately only increased support for the movement <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1986/05/06/shantytown-protests-on-the-campus/eee4b159-74fa-485f-8007-1e10d7cea919/">when the media flooded into the slums</a>while faculty, parents and alumni gathered around the scholars.</p>
<p>The students in turn <a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-04-03-mn-2680-story.html">rebuilt their camps</a>They were joined by supporters from outside the university: musicians, politicians and activists of the New Left and Black Power. The presence of feminist political activists <a href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/angela-davis">Angela Davis</a>Counterculture activist <a href="https://berkeleyplaques.org/e-plaque/mario-savio/">Mario Savio</a>poet <a href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/june-jordan">June Jordan</a>author <a href="https://www.learner.org/series/american-passages-a-literary-survey/poetry-of-liberation/amiri-baraka-leroi-jones-b-1934/">Amiri Baraka</a> and organizer of Pan-Africanism <a href="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/carmichael-stokely-kwame-ture-1941-1998/">Kwame Ture</a> has helped to further draw the eye of scholars across the country.</p>
<p>The much-noticed determination of the scholars <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2151931">helped change public opinion</a>Founded by black organizers <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/28/us/randall-robinson-dead.html">Randall Robinson</a>, <a href="https://live-sas-www-history.pantheon.sas.upenn.edu/people/faculty/mary-frances-berry">Mary Frances Berry</a>, <a href="https://norton.house.gov/">Eleanor Holmes Norton</a> And <a href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/fauntroy-walter-e">Walter Fauntroy</a>, <a href="https://digitalcommons.colum.edu/fsa/">the “Free South Africa” movement</a> – in close cooperation with the foreign policy advocacy group TransAfrica – led a whole lot of scholars and peculiar people in a vigil outside the South African Embassy in Washington, DC </p>
<figure class="align-center ">
<div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:66.84350132625994%;--background-color:#414141"><img decoding="async" alt="Police officers handcuff two black women and a black man." class="lazyload" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/595249/original/file-20240520-21-sq6ef.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/595249/original/file-20240520-21-sq6ef.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=401&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/595249/original/file-20240520-21-sq6ef.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=401&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/595249/original/file-20240520-21-sq6ef.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=401&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/595249/original/file-20240520-21-sq6ef.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=504&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/595249/original/file-20240520-21-sq6ef.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=504&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/595249/original/file-20240520-21-sq6ef.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=504&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div><figcaption>
              <span class="caption">Coretta Scott King and her children Bernice and Martin were arrested during a protest against apartheid in front of the South African embassy in Washington, DC in 1985.</span><br />
              <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/washington-dc-coretta-scott-king-widow-of-the-late-martin-news-photo/517350652?adppopup=true">Bettman/Getty Images</a></span><br />
            </figcaption></figure>
<p>Many of the activists and student protesters <a href="https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/us-activists-and-politicians-campaign-south-african-embassy-end-apartheid-1984-1985">were arrested</a>But by denouncing certain firms doing business in South Africa and popularising those firms&#39; links to violence, oppression and massacres against blacks in another country, the scholars succeeded in investing in those stocks. <a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/725828">riskier and fewer attractive</a>. </p>
<p>After two years of sustained militant organizing and demonstrations, the coed anti-apartheid movement claimed to have persuaded colleges and universities to <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/07/19/california-regents-vote-to-divest-31-billion-in-south-africa-holdings/bf29e8db-655f-4c40-9b62-4e9a08d02959/">3.6 billion US dollars</a> – or $10.3 billion in today’s currency – from their foundations.</p>
<h2>Revisionist history</h2>
<p>In 1990, after 27 years in prison, Nelson Mandela, Chairman of the African National Congress <a href="https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2017/7/20/freedom-tour-nelson-mandela-in-nyc">was released from prison</a>.</p>
<p>At that point, South Africa&#39;s apartheid system was crumbling. The reinstatement of the liberation movements in 1990, the repeal of racial segregation laws in 1991 and the primary democratic elections in 1994 signalled the official end of apartheid, although discrimination and inequality <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/stories/2024/04/30-years-south-africa-still-dismantling-racism-and-apartheids-legacy">exists in South Africa to today</a>.</p>
<p>In the collective memory of the United States, the anti-Vietnam and anti-apartheid movements are generally viewed as legitimate struggles that US institutions inevitably supported.</p>
<p>Perhaps this is the reason the administration of the University of California, Berkeley, after Mandela’s death in 2013 <a href="https://www.dailycal.org/archives/divestment-was-hard-to-achieve/article_58a01e3a-e0ca-5b6b-82fd-8ed88246b882.html">claimed to be at the highest</a> of student protests against divestment in South Africa.</p>
<p>That was a revision of history. </p>
<p>Actually, <a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-04-04-mn-24411-story.html">in Berkeley</a> and on many campuses, administrators called the police, threatened to cancel their scholarships, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/23/nyregion/columbia-students-to-end-anti-apartheid-protest.html">others delivered to court</a> and ordered the caretaker to tear down the huts.</p>
<h2>Past as present</h2>
<p>Activists, <a href="http://hrp.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IHRC-Addameer-Submission-to-HRC-COI-Apartheid-in-WB.pdf">scientist</a> and even former US President Jimmy Carter have <a href="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Palestine-Peace-Not-Apartheid/Jimmy-Carter/9780743285032">Comparisons drawn</a> between South African apartheid and the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories. Many Palestinians discuss with <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/photo-booth/life-along-israels-separation-wall">the 708 km long separation wall</a> that Israel built along the Gaza Strip as “<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBSe-JgwPqoC&#038;pg=PA147#v=onepage&#038;q&#038;f=false">Wall of Apartheid</a>.” </p>
<p>Nevertheless, there are some notable differences between the 2 movements.</p>
<p>Divestment is tougher today because financial instruments are more complex than within the Eighties, partly because of the outsourcing of their management to investment firms and hedge funds. The size of many university endowments <a href="https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/learning-innovation/endowments-1990-2050">have also grown exponentially since then</a>.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, I&#8217;m convinced that divestment from firms doing business with Israel remains to be possible – and might be an efficient demand. <a href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/governance/executive-leadership/2024/05/07/universities-weigh-protesters-divestment-demands">Several university administrations have agreed to think about divestment</a>including Brown University, Northwestern University, Evergreen State College, and the University of Minnesota.  </p>
<p>The US anti-apartheid movement of the Eighties <a href="https://www.voanews.com/a/us-anti-apartheid-movement-helps-bring-change-to-south-africa/1900704.html">helped overthrow the apartheid government of South Africa</a>At that point, students within the campus occupations against apartheid were the primary to campaign for a change within the national consensus about US complicity in injustice in South Africa. </p>
<p>Time will tell whether today’s students can do the identical when it comes to <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/02/israels-apartheid-against-palestinians-a-cruel-system-of-domination-and-a-crime-against-humanity/">Israel’s systematic oppression</a> of the Palestinian people.</p>
</p></div>
<p><em>image credit : theconversation.com</em></p>
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		<title>What was the Mantua?  How a Seventeenth-century dress modified tailoring and gave women financial freedom</title>
		<link>https://bloggingthree.soflytech.com/2024/05/what-was-the-mantua-how-a-seventeenth-century-dress-modified-tailoring-and-gave-women-financial-freedom/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[chandankumarsoft]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 04 May 2024 10:17:35 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Fashion & Style]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[17thcentury]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[changed]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[dress]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[financial]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[freedom]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gave]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mantua]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tailoring]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[women]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://bloggingthree.soflytech.com/?p=2510</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[If you&#39;ve watched a whole lot of historical dramas, you&#39;ve probably seen one mantua Before. Originating in France within the 1670s, this women&#39;s garment consisted of T-shaped panels of material that were pleated to create an unstiffened bodice with attached overskirts. This dress was worn over a pair of corsets and an often contrasting underskirt. [&#8230;]]]></description>
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<div itemprop="articleBody">
<p>If you&#39;ve watched a whole lot of historical dramas, you&#39;ve probably seen one <a href="https://fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/mantua/">mantua</a> Before.  Originating in France within the 1670s, this women&#39;s garment consisted of T-shaped panels of material that were pleated to create an unstiffened bodice with attached overskirts. </p>
<p>This dress was worn over a pair of corsets and an often contrasting underskirt.  Draping and folding the material created a dress that opened on the front.</p>
<p>What many individuals don&#39;t realize, nevertheless, is how fundamentally this garment modified women&#39;s involvement in the style industry &#8211; and was a ticket to financial freedom for an industry of female mantua makers.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:125.06631299734747%;--background-color:#4f4a35"><img decoding="async" alt="The “Robe à la Française” had back pleats that reached to the floor." class="lazyload" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/557950/original/file-20231107-267416-94pua8.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/557950/original/file-20231107-267416-94pua8.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=750&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/557950/original/file-20231107-267416-94pua8.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=750&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/557950/original/file-20231107-267416-94pua8.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=750&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/557950/original/file-20231107-267416-94pua8.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=943&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/557950/original/file-20231107-267416-94pua8.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=943&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/557950/original/file-20231107-267416-94pua8.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=943&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div><figcaption>
              <span class="caption">It was a Mantua style with loose back pleats that reached to the ground.</span><br />
              <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/83605">The Met/Purchase, Irene Lewisohn Bequest, 1954</a></span><br />
            </figcaption></figure>
<h2>What was the Mantua?</h2>
<p>After its invention within the 1670s, the brand new dress immediately became popular with fashion-conscious Parisians.</p>
<p>Although there are strict dress codes on the Versailles court of the French King Louis XIV <a href="https://www.culturefrontier.com/versailles-dress-code-the-quirky-fashion-of-the-french-court/">forbidden</a> Wearing mantuas helped women within the English court make it popular in England. </p>
<p>By the 1680s, the mantua was commonly worn in Western and Central Europe, in addition to in European colonies world wide.  It soon became the idea for all women&#39;s clothing within the 18th century. </p>
<p>Popular versions of the Mantua within the 18th century included:</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:137.53315649867375%;--background-color:#936567"><img decoding="async" alt="The robe à l&#39;anglaise was more fitted than its French counterpart." class="lazyload" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/557951/original/file-20231107-17-w6ojrl.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/557951/original/file-20231107-17-w6ojrl.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=825&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/557951/original/file-20231107-17-w6ojrl.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=825&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/557951/original/file-20231107-17-w6ojrl.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=825&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/557951/original/file-20231107-17-w6ojrl.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=1037&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/557951/original/file-20231107-17-w6ojrl.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=1037&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/557951/original/file-20231107-17-w6ojrl.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=1037&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div><figcaption>
              <span class="caption">It had fitted back pleats and was tighter in comparison with its French counterpart.</span><br />
              <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/771113">The Met/Purchase, Irene Lewisohn Bequest, 2018</a></span><br />
            </figcaption></figure>
<h2>Schneider versus Mantua-Maker</h2>
<p>The Mantua radically modified not only the look of Western fashion, but additionally women&#39;s involvement in the style industry.</p>
<p>Before the Seventeenth century, outerwear was mostly made by male tailors.  Apprenticeships and membership in guilds—the organizations that controlled most expert trades—were limited to boys and men.</p>
<p>Women participated in these professions informally.  Sometimes they worked with tailors&#39; relations (and a few were fined for it) and <a href="https://sarahabendall.com/2020/04/03/the-tailoring-trade-in-seventeenth-century-oxford/">Widows</a> were allowed to proceed the business of their deceased husbands. </p>
<p>Women had also historically worked as seamstresses or “silk women,” making small linen or silk goods equivalent to underwear and accessories.</p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:50.0%;--background-color:#70868f"><img decoding="async" alt="A blue, loose style from the 1730s called “robe volante”." class="lazyload" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/558181/original/file-20231107-15-oe546c.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/558181/original/file-20231107-15-oe546c.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=300&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/558181/original/file-20231107-15-oe546c.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=300&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/558181/original/file-20231107-15-oe546c.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=300&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/558181/original/file-20231107-15-oe546c.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=377&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/558181/original/file-20231107-15-oe546c.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=377&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/558181/original/file-20231107-15-oe546c.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=377&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div><figcaption>
              <span class="caption">This loose 1730s style was often called .</span><br />
              <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/155093">The Met/Purchase, Friends of The Costume Institute Gifts, 2010</a></span><br />
            </figcaption></figure>
<p>However, this began to alter within the late Seventeenth century, through the period often called <a href="https://books.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/obp.0323/ch58.xhtml">Consumer revolution</a> – a period from the sixteenth century wherein the consumption of luxury goods increased significantly.</p>
<p>Significantly, in 1675, women in Paris and Rouen acquired their very own, <a href="https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/fashion/when-women-ruled-fashion">self-employed seamstress</a> (Tailor) guilds and commenced to take over the production of girls&#39;s clothing from male tailors. </p>
<p>In London, guilds with declining membership began to confess paying female members. </p>
<p>Due to France&#39;s significant influence on Western fashion, women in London began to achieve this <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09612025.2022.2136197">Training with French tailors</a>which led to what was known in English as <a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/73204001">Mantua manufacturer</a>. </p>
<figure>
<p><iframe title="Making an 18th Century Gown | Life of a Mantua-Maker (Part 1)" width="1170" height="658" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qqaX2WPxv8k?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
</figure>
<h2>Tailoring and financial freedom</h2>
<p>From the 18th to the twentieth centuries, tailoring and other fashion or textile industries (together with teaching and domestic service) were the major source of employment for girls in Britain, Australia, and the United States. </p>
<p>New training opportunities within the tailoring trade – coupled with historical features equivalent to those of London <a href="https://legalhistorymiscellany.com/2019/02/08/femme-sole-status-a-failed-feminist-dream/"></a>    Female status, which allowed married women to run businesses and have funds independently of their husbands, meant that many ladies began to open their very own businesses.</p>
<p>Single women often lived in houses with other mantua makers and their apprentices and worked as teams.  Married women typically worked alongside their husbands in workshops within the family home, a lot of whom worked as tailors. </p>
<p>Mid-18th century <a href="https://books.google.com.au/books?id=lO8HzQEACAAJ&#038;pg=PA134#v=onepage&#038;q&#038;f=false">Instructions</a> When parents taught their children about crafts, it was identified that mantua production was a big industry</p>
<blockquote>
<p>was considered a noble and profitable employer [for women]Many of them live well and lower your expenses.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>But several male tailors&#39; guilds in Europe tried to forestall women from working as mantua makers, claiming they might take away their business.  Additionally, many ladies who worked within the garment industry were poorly paid and infrequently worked in cramped conditions. </p>
<figure class="align-center zoomable">
<div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:125.06631299734747%;--background-color:#4c362c"><img decoding="async" alt="Mantuas were sometimes pinned up in the back." class="lazyload" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/557966/original/file-20231107-23-rovwj4.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/557966/original/file-20231107-23-rovwj4.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=750&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/557966/original/file-20231107-23-rovwj4.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=750&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/557966/original/file-20231107-23-rovwj4.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=600&#038;h=750&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/557966/original/file-20231107-23-rovwj4.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=943&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/557966/original/file-20231107-23-rovwj4.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=30&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=943&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/557966/original/file-20231107-23-rovwj4.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;q=15&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;h=943&#038;fit=crop&#038;dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div><figcaption>
              <span class="caption">Mantuas were sometimes pinned up within the back, as in this instance from the 1690s.</span><br />
              <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/81718">The Met/Rogers Find, 1933</a></span><br />
            </figcaption></figure>
<p>Yet many have risen above it.  French Mantua makers were particularly popular because women in London paid significantly more for dresses made by French women who had access to the newest fashion knowledge in Paris. </p>
<p>Some became confidants of queens.  Famous fashion retailer Marie-Jeanne “Rose” Bertin designed a lot of French Queen Marie Antoinette’s dresses (her critics called her the “Queen’s Dress”).<a href="https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/great-characters/rose-bertin#:%7E:text=Bertin%20soon%20came%20to%20be,amass%20a%20considerable%20personal%20fortune.">Minister of Fashion</a>&#8220;).</p>
<p>These networks gave these women access to vast amounts of consumers and social capital.  In the nineteenth century, senior seamstresses and milliners, often called modistes, often carried their very own luxury fashions <a href="https://www.academia.edu/83744587/Queen_Victoria_s_Fancy_Dress_Makers_An_examination_of_a_West_End_fashion_house_1828_1855">fashion houses</a> within the West End of London. </p>
<p>The production of Mantua was also necessary <a href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-394937539/view?sectionId=nla.obj-412154534&#038;partId=nla.obj-394964473#page/n27/mode/1up">Business opportunity</a> for girls in Australia. </p>
<p>&#8220;M. Hayes&#8221;, Catherine Mellon and Martha Matthews were all &#8220;mantua makers and milliners&#8221; who advertised their services within the early years of the Sydney colony.</p>
<h2>Legacies of the Mantua manufacturers</h2>
<p>By the early years of the nineteenth century, mantuas fell out of use <a href="https://fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/1800-1809/">latest styles</a> appeared.  The term “tailor” regularly replaced the term “Mantua tailor”. </p>
<p>However, the gender-specific separation of labor remained.  For much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, men were more more likely to be tailors and have their clothing made by tailors.  Women were more more likely to be tailors and had their clothes made by seamstresses.  The skills and techniques of every career remained very different. </p>
<p>With the appearance of contemporary fast fashion, the talents of tailors and dressmakers are quickly being lost and with them the knowledge of this revolutionary career for girls.</p>
</p></div>
<p><em>image credit : theconversation.com</em></p>
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